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FUNCTIONS
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LINKING WORDS
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EXAMPLES
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Addition
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1. ….. and ….
2. ….. In
addition, ……
3. …….
Moreover, ….
4. …….
Besides, ……
5. ….;
furthermore, …
6. …, too
7.
8.
9.
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1. She enjoys
reading and painting in her free time.
2. She speaks
three languages. In addition, she's learning a fourth.
3. Education
is important. Moreover, it is empowering.
4. The new
software enhances security. Besides, it’s user-friendly.
5
6. She’s an
accomplished pianist. Her brother plays the guitar, too.
7.
8. She speaks
not only English but also Spanish.
9. The trip
was affordable; what’s more, it included guided tours.
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Concession
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1. …;
however, …
2. …., but
3. …;
nevertheless, ….
4. …;
nonetheless, …
5. ...;
still, ……
6. ……; yet,
….
7. On the one
hand, … on
the other
hand; …
8.
Although/Though/Even
though.
9. Despite/In
spite of …., …
10. No matter
how ……, …
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1. He
apologized sincerely; however, she remained upset.
2. The food
was expensive, but it was delicious.
3. The
weather was cold; nevertheless, they enjoyed the picnic.
4. The
traffic was terrible; nonetheless, we arrived on time.
5. She was
busy; still, she found time for hobbies.
6. I know I
should exercise more; yet, I always find an excuse not to.
7. On the one
hand, studying abroad is good; on the other, it's costly.
8. Although
it was raining, we decided to go for a hike anyway.
9. Despite
the bad reviews, we decided to try the new restaurant.
10. No
matter how busy you are, make time for family.
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Purpose
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1. ….. to ….
2.
3. so as
to...
4.
5. . with the
goal of ….
6. ….. in
order that ….
7. ….. for ….
8. ….. lest
….
9. …. for
fear that ….
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1. I went to
the gym to work out.
2. He studied
hard in order to/so as to pass the exam.
3. p.
4. I write
daily for the purpose of improving my skills.
5. They
volunteer with the goal of helping the community.
6. She
revises her lessons in order that she excels in her exams.
7. We work for
a better future.
8. I keep a
backup lest my computer crashes.
9. I carry an
umbrella for fear that it might rain.
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Similarity
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1. …;
similarly, ….
2. ……;
likewise, ….
3. .. in the
same way ….
4. Just as ….
5. Compared
to ….
6. ….
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1. She enjoys
painting; similarly, he finds joy in sketching.
2. She's good
at math; likewise, her brother excels in physics.
3.
4. Just as
the sun sets, the moon rises.
5. Compared
to painting, drawing uses similar artistic skills.
6. The book
ends similarly to the movie, with a surprising twist.
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Cause /Reason
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1. . ….
because …
2. ….. since
….
3. As …., ….
4. ….. due to
….
5. …. owing
to …
6. …. thanks
to …
7. On account
of ….
8. … as a result
of …
9. Because of
…., ….
10. …; for
this reason, ….
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1. He joined
an NGO because he loves helping others.
2. I’ve been
socially active since joining the environmental club.
3. As Ahmed
enjoys humor, he watches comedy shows regularly.
4. She
received a full scholarship due to her academic excellence.
5. Ahmed's
blog gained fame owing to his unique sense of humor.
6. Women
gained more representation thanks to new voting laws.
7. On account
of her research, she received a science award.
8. Many laws
are being reconsidered as a result of women’s activism.
9. Because
of his humor, Ahmed's articles are widely shared online.
10. She
excels in science; for this reason, she won awards.
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Effect / Result
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1. ...., so
....
2. ....; as a
consequence, ....
3. ......; as
a result, ....
4. ....;
consequently, ....
5. ......;
hence, ......
6. ........
Therefore, .......
7. .....
Thus, .......
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1. She worked
hard, so she got good marks.
2. He
overslept; as a consequence, he missed his class.
3. e studied
daily; as a result, he aced the test.
4. She
ignored the regulation; consequently, he got injured at work.
5. The chef
used fresh ingredients; hence, the meal was great.
6. The
printer is broken. Therefore, we can't print reports.
7. He forgot
to set the alarm. Thus, he was late.
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Giving Examples
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1. .......;
for example, ....
2. ... for
instance, ....
3. ... such
as
4.
Like/Including, ...
5. ... one
example is, ....
6. … as an
example, ....
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1. Ahmed
enjoys outdoor activities; for example, hiking and running
2. There are
several energy sources; for instance, coal and gas.
3. He enjoys
classic authors such as Orwell, Shakespeare, and Dickens.
4. He enjoys
classic authors like Orwell, Shakespeare, and Dickens.
5. Many
students excel in sciences; one example is Ahmed.
6. There are
efficient means of transport; as an example, electric cars.
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List Ideas in Order of Time
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1. Firstly,
....
2. First of
all, ....
3. To begin
with, ....
4. Initially,
....
5. At the
outset, ....
6. At first,
....
7. In the
beginning, ....
8.
Second(ly), ....
9. Next, ....
10. Then,
....
11.
Afterward(s), ....
12.
Subsequently, ....
13.
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1. To combat
climate change, firstly, we must reduce carbon emissions.
2. In
learning a new skill, first of all, master the basics.
3. To begin
with, turn off all your smartphones before studying.
4. Initially,
the organization targeted only local communities.
5. At the
outset, the team faced numerous challenges.
6. At first,
the gym offered a one-month free trial.
7. In the
beginning, the company focused solely on staff development
8. The
athletes warmed up; secondly, they started the actual practice.
9.
10.
11. They
watched the movie; afterward, they discussed its themes.
12.
13. They had
breakfast; following that, they went for a hike.
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Summarizing
/Concluding
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1. In
conclusion, ….
2. To sum up,
….
3. Overall,
….
4. In
summary, ….
5. To
conclude, ….
6. Finally, …
7. All in
all, ….
8. In a
nutshell, ….
9. In the
end, ……
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1. In conclusion,
the party was a huge hit among neighbors.
2. To sum
up, the hiking trip was both challenging and rewarding.
3. Overall,
the new restaurant offers a variety of tasty dishes.
4. In summary,
the book covered many aspects of ancient civilizations.
5. To conclude,
the movie had a surprising but satisfying ending.
6. Finally,
the garden was complete with a variety of flowers.
7. All
in all, the concert was a musical feast for attendees.
8.
9. In the
end, the detective solved the mystery ingeniously
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Giving
Opinion
|
1. In my
opinion, ….
2. I think
that ….
3.
Personally, ….
4. I believe
that ….
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1. In my
opinion, PCs are better than consoles
2. I think
that videogames can help people relax
3.
Personally, I think that sport is good for the body
4. I believe
that people should think about themselves first
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