Some & Any

We use some and any for unknown quantities.

• Some (+): Use in positive sentences.
  "I have some apples." / "I need some water."
• Any (- / ?): Use in negative sentences and questions.
  "I don't have any apples." / "Do you have any water?"

Quantifiers (Many, Much, A Few, A Little)

We use these to talk about quantity.

• With Countable Nouns (e.g., 'apples'):
  Large quantity: many / a lot of ("How many apples?")
  Small quantity: a few ("I have a few apples.")
• With Uncountable Nouns (e.g., 'water'):
  Large quantity: much / a lot of ("How much water?")
  Small quantity: a little ("I have a little water.")

Comparatives

We use comparatives to compare two things (A vs. B).

• Short Adjectives (e.g., 'big', 'fast'): Add -er.
  "My car is faster than your car."
• Long Adjectives (e.g., 'expensive'): Use more.
  "This phone is more expensive than that one."
• Irregular: 'good' -> better, 'bad' -> worse

Present Simple vs. Present Continuous

• Present Simple (e.g., 'I play'):
  Use for habits, routines, and facts.
  (Clue words: every day, always, never, often)
  "He plays football every Saturday."
• Present Continuous (e.g., 'I am playing'):
  Use for actions happening right now.
  (Clue words: now, right now, Listen!, Look!)
  "He is playing football right now."